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Special Thesis & Basic Research
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Special Thesis & Basic Research

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Research on Jilin Rice Brand Creation and Government's Behavior Kangjie QU, Jianfei LU 2021, 27(6): 1-5.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.001 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (667KB) ( )   The‘Jilin rice’ brand creation and government’s roles and behaviors in various stages of rice regional public brand construction were studied. The results show that the government focuses on providing planning and supporting policies at brand germination stage, strengthening the support and guidance of industry to promote healthy development of enterprises at brand formation stage, and strengthening supervision and integration of brands at brand development stage. The results are instructive to optimize government behavior and promote construction of regional public brands of agricultural products.

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Analysis on Characteristics of Rice Varieties Registered in China in 2020 Hai LIN, Hongying LI, Zhiguo E, Qianlin PANG 2021, 27(6): 6-11.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.002 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (508KB) ( )   The basic characteristics of the rice varieties that have passed the provincial or national certification in China in 2020 are analyzed. In 2020, there were 1,936 rice varieties approved at or above the provincial level in China （574 varieties passed the national approval）, including 144 conventional indica rice, 582 two lines hybrid indica rice, 680 three lines hybrid indica rice, 424 conventional japonica rice, 45 hybrid japonica rice and 71 sterile lines. The number of nationally approved varieties increased by 54.30% and the number of non-nationally approved varieties increased by 43.07% compared with 2019. The regional test yields of conventional indica rice, two-line hybrid indica rice, three-line hybrid indica rice, conventional japonica rice, and hybrid japonica rice approved in 2020 were 519.59, 609.99, 589.82, 610.00 and 685.30 kg/667 m2,except for conventional japonica rice, the regional test yields of other types of varieties have increased to a certain extent compared to 2015—2019. In 2020, the high-quality compliance rate of nationally approved varieties was 78.57% and the high-quality compliance rate of non-nationally approved rice varieties was 60.61%, both of which are higher than that in 2019, and their performance has been quite good. The comprehensive resistance performance of the varieties approved in 2020 is still not good enough. Among the nationally approved varieties, only 13.59% of the varieties were moderately resistant to rice blast, and only 5.11% of the varieties were moderately resistant to bacterial blight, the proportions of the non-nationally approved varieties were 34.08% and 20.09%, respectively. However, some varieties show high resistance to rice blast and bacterial blight.

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Analysis on Registered Rice Varieties in Hunan Province in 1985—2021 Lianfen ZHU, Xiaomin YU, Jianer JIN, Hongwei SUN, Yujun WANG, Lei WANG, Zhiguo E 2021, 27(6): 12-15.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.003 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (556KB) ( )   Hunan has the largest planting area and secondary highest output of rice in China. The discovery and utilization of wild abortive male sterile line has made a pioneering contribution to the three lines matching of hybrid rice. Summarizing the rice breeding experience and results in Hunan will help breeders to select breeding parents, thus reducing blindness. Based on VBA programming, the algorithm is compiled to analyze the variety records of Hunan included in the Database for Chinese Rice Varieties and their Genealogy. From 1985 to 2021, 1 085 rice varieties were registered in Hunan. It was found that the yield per unit area of varieties increased steadily, the eating quality and the resistance to rice blast and bacterial blight were improved.

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Study on Formation Rule of High Yield Population of Main Rice Varieties in Liaoning Province Hong GAO, Yuedong LI, Xiufang MA, Guilan LU, Rui LI, Liqiang DONG, Zhengyan PAN, Xue ZHANG, Xiaowan LI, Fulin QIU, Guomin SUI 2021, 27(6): 16-19.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.004 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (434KB) ( )   In order to establish high-yielding population of rice and reveal its yield formation rule in the southern Northeast Plain, an experiment with different cultivation densities was conducted, with the main high-yielding rice varieties Liaogeng 401 and Liaogeng 212 in Liaoning Province as test materials. The results showed that the effective panicles number per unit area increased significantly in the high planting density treatment （row spacing 20.0 cm×13.3 cm）, resulting in a higher yield, but the yield difference was not significant with the low planting density treatment （row spacing 30.0 cm×20.0 cm）. Under the low planting density treatment, although the number of effective panicles is small, but the number of grains per panicle increases, so it also has a relatively high yield level. High planting density can build a multi-spike population that relies on increasing the number of tillers and more material accumulation in the population to obtain high yield. While low planting density can build a large-grain population by promoting material transfer and transformation, improving harvest index and forming large panicle and grain to obtain high yield. It can be seen that by balancing the relationship between the effective number of spikes and the number of grains per spike, ensuring the number of spikelets in the population, while ensuring a higher seed setting rate and 1 000-grain weight, a stable and high-yield population can be obtained.

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Effects of Straw Returning and Nitrogen Fertilizer Management on the Yield and Quality of Northeast Japonica Rice Yueyue LIU, Huantong ZHENG, Zhaowei CHENG, Yanqiu GENG, Xiwen SHAO, Liying GUO, Qingxin YUAN, Liqun ZHU, Yuyang SU, Jiarui XU, Yixin YUAN, Qi ZHANG 2021, 27(6): 20-27.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.005 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (796KB) ( )   A split-zone design experiment was used to study the effects of straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer management on yield and quality of rice variety Jigeng 88 in 2018 and 2019. The results showed that, compared with the treatment of not returning straw to the field, returning straw to the field reduced the rice brown rice rate, polished rice rate, whole rice rate, chalky grain rate, chalkiness and amylose content, and increased rice protein content. Compared with the optimal nitrogen fertilizer treatment （base fertilizer : tiller fertilizer : ear fertilizer is 5:3:2）under the condition of not returning straw to the field, the rice yield of the optimal nitrogen fertilizer treatment （base fertilizer : tiller fertilizer : ear fertilizer is 7:2:1） under the condition of straw returning to the field increased by 7.50% （2018） and 11.63% （2019）, respectively. With the decreased of the proportion of basal fertilizer in the total nitrogen application rate, rice brown rice rate, polished rice rate, and whole rice rate showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing; chalky grain rate, chalkiness, and amylose content showed a decreasing trend, and protein content showed an increasing trend. On the whole, under the condition of returning straw to the field, combined with a 6:3:1 nitrogen fertilizer operation model of basal fertilizer : tiller fertilizer : panicle fertilizer could ensure rice yield while improving rice processing and appearance quality.

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Molecular Detection of Blast Resistance Genes in Main Rice Varieties of Zhejiang Province Zhenan SHEN, Jiehua QIU, Junhui XIE, Huanbin SHI, Yanjun KOU 2021, 27(6): 28-33.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.006 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (538KB) ( )   Rice blast is one of the three most important rice diseases. Using rice blast resistance genes to breed new varieties is the most economical and effective measure to control the occurrence of rice blast, and is of great significance to the safety of rice production. Based on the identification of the leaf blast and panicle blast resistance levels of 63 main rice varieties in Zhejiang Province, the specific molecular markers of 10 cloned rice blast resistance genes Pi1, Pi5, Pi2, Pi9, Pia, Pizt, Pigm, Pib, Pik and Pikh were used to identify the gene composition of these 63 varieties for resistance to rice blast, and further analyzed the correlation between resistance genes and resistance to rice blast. The resistance identification results showed that among 63 varieties, the leaf blast resistant varieties accounted for 66.7% and the ear blast resistant varieties accounted for 50.8%. Rice blast resistance genes identified showed that 60 of 63 the main cultivated varieties had more than one resistance genes, 45 of which contained Pizt and Pib genes, and 43 varieties contained Pi2 and Pi5 genes. In addition, the distribution frequency of disease-resistant genes Pia, Pik, Pi1, Pi2, Pizt, Pikh, Pi5 and Pib among the main rice varieties in Zhejiang Province is relatively high, while the distribution frequency of Pigm and Pi9 is very low, only 3.2%. This study revealed the composition of the rice blast resistance genes of the main rice varieties in Zhejiang Province and the contribution of the rice blast resistance genes to the improvement of resistance to rice blast, provided an important reference for the breeding of new disease-resistant varieties in Zhejiang Province

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Thoughts on the Balanced Increase of Rice Yield in Jiangsu Tongqing SUN, Jie LI, Zhen CHEN 2021, 27(6): 34-37.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.007 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (544KB) ( )   There is great pressure to stabilize the rice production area in Jiangsu under the new situation. To ensure stable rice production capacity, the average yield must be steadily increased to achieve a balanced increase in production. This article expounded the necessity to increase rice yield in a balanced manner, analyzed the main characteristics and main reasons for the uneven performance of rice yield in Jiangsu, and proposed corresponding strategies and measures to achieve balanced yield increase.

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Effects of Sowing Date on Yield, Growth Period and Utilization of Temperature and Light Resources of Rice-wheat Mode in the Plain Region Along the Yangtze River of Anhui Province Xinmin RUAN, Xi CHEN, Wei YUE, Xinchun ZHAN, Xihan CONG, Hongyang DU, Fuxzhi SHI, Dexiang WU, Zhixiang LUO 2021, 27(6): 38-46.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.008 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (768KB) ( )   For the scientific selection of rice varieties suitable for the rice-wheat double cropping system, the effects of sowing date on the annual yield, growth period and utilization of temperature and light resources of rice-wheat double cropping system in the plain area along the Yangtze River of Anhui Province were studied. The results showed that the effects of sowing date on the yield of different types of rice was late-maturing medium indica rice>medium-maturing medium japonica rice>early-maturing late japonica rice>late-maturing medium japonica rice >mid-maturing late japonica rice. The yield of late-maturing medium indica rice, early-maturing late japonica rice and mid-maturing late japonica rice all decreased significantly with the postponement of the sowing date, and the sowing date had no obvious effect on the yield of mid-maturing medium japonica rice and late-maturing medium japonica rice. The annual yield of different types of rice varieties and spring wheat at suitable sowing time was as follows: “late-maturing medium indica rice-spring wheat” > “mid-maturing late japonica rice -spring wheat” > “late-maturing medium indica rice-spring wheat” > “early-maturing late japonica rice -spring wheat” > “medium-maturing medium japonica rice-spring wheat”. Among the different rice-wheat double cropping models, the annual temperature and light utilization efficiency of the “ late-maturing medium indica rice sown before May 20-spring wheat” model was the highest, compared with the“early-maturing late japonica sown before June 9th -spring wheat” model, the annual temperature and light production efficiency is increased by more than 16.26%, and the annual light energy utilization efficiency is increased by more than 18.06%.

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Effects of Seed Soaking Agent on the Structure of Rice Seed Microbial Community Yuanhui LIU, Chunmei XU, Song CHEN, Guang CHU, Xiufu ZHANG, Danying WANG 2021, 27(6): 47-49.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.009 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (501KB) ( )   The effects of seed soaking agent prochloraz on the structure of microbial community in rice seeds were studied by setting seed soaking with water （CK） and seed soaking with prochloraz （Soak）, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and isolation culture methods in conventional japonica rice Xiushui 134. The results showed that compared with CK, the number of fungi on rice seed surface of Soak was significantly reduced. However, Soak had no significant effect on the diversity and composition of bacterial communities in rice seeds, including Shannon index, Chao1 index, Observed OTUs, β diversity and relative abundance of dominant bacteria. Thus, in agricultural production, prochloraz soaking as a measure to control rice seed-borne diseases has no significant effect on seed endophytic bacteria.

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Comparison of Yield and its Components between Machine-transplanted Seedlings Rice and Dry Direct Seeded Rice in Saline-alkali Soil Xiuru WU, Jian LIU, Fei ZHAO, Yakun YANG, Gaoyi CAO, Jin DU, Chunyang XIANG, Shuling GUO 2021, 27(6): 50-52.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.010 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (380KB) ( )   Four main rice varieties in Tianjin were used as test materials, and two models of machine-transplanted seedling and dry direct seeding were used for planting, the yield, yield component factors and economic benefits of the two cultivation models were compared. The results showed that the plant height of dry direct seeded rice was significantly lower than that of machine-transplanted seedling rice, the effective panicle number per unit area, panicle length, 1 000 grain weight, number of grains per panicle, seed setting rate and actual yield varied with varieties. In terms of economic benefits, the dry direct seeding mode is higher than the machine transplanting mode.

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Yield Formation Characteristics of Conventional Japonica Rice under Reduced Nitrogen and Increased Planting Density Xiang ZHANG, Tianyi SHI, Qigen DAI, Tianyao MENG, Huanhe WEI 2021, 27(6): 53-57.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.011 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (477KB) ( )   The effects of reducing nitrogen fertilizer and increasing planting density on yield formation characteristics of conventional japonica rice were studied using conventional japonica rice Nangeng 9108 and Nangeng 5718 as test materials. The results showed that the yield of Nangeng 9108 and Nangeng 5718 under T1 treatment （10% reduction in nitrogen and 15% increase in density compared with conventional cultivation） were basically the same as those under CK （conventional high-yield cultivation）, the yield under T2 （20% reduction in nitrogen and 30% increase in density compared with conventional cultivation） and T3 （30% reduction in nitrogen and 45% increase in density compared with conventional cultivation） treatments was significantly lower than that of CK. The number of effective panicles and the number of grains per panicle of the tested varieties under T1 treatment was equivalent to that of CK. The number of effective panicles, grains per panicle, and population spikelets in T2 and T3 treatments were significantly lower than those of CK, and the seed setting rate and thousand-grain weight were also lower than those of T1 treatment and CK. This study indicated appropriate treatment of reducing nitrogen fertilizer and increasing planting density realizes the dual goals of high grain yield and lower nitrogen application rate for conventional japonica rice.

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Effects of Different Flooding Degrees at Jointing Stage on Two-line Indica Hybrid Rice and Countermeasures Yalan JI, Changhai ZHANG, Wenge WU, Xiangdong WANG, Xueyuan SUN 2021, 27(6): 58-62.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.012 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (637KB) ( )   Floods during the Meiyu season in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River often lead to flooding and disasters in Anhui’s rice fields. The effects of different submerged time and depth on growth traits, economic traits and yield of two-line indica hybrid rice Liangyou 240 were studied. The results showed that with the increase of flooding depth and flooding water days, the growth period of rice was delayed, the effective panicles and the yield decreased. The study provides a reference for single-season indica rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to replant in time after waterlogging.

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Effects of Long-term Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization in Rice Shengling YANG, Xingcheng HUANG, Yanling LIU, Yu LI, Yan ZAHNG, Yarong ZHANG, Wenan ZAHNG, Taiming JIANG 2021, 27(6): 63-68.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.013 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (893KB) ( )   Based on a 25-year location experiment, the effects of long-term combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on nitrogen absorption, utilization and yield of rice were studied. The results showed that, the total N accumulation and yield of rice aboveground were as follows: MNPK（100% chemical fertilizer+100% organic fertilizer）>1/4M+3/4NPK（25% organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer）>NPK（conventional chemical fertilizer）>1/2M+1/2NPK（50% organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer）>M （100% organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer）>CK（no fertilization）, compared with NPK, MNPK treatment and 1/4M+3/4NPK treatment increased total nitrogen accumulation in shoot by 20.11%~27.86% and yield by 2.04%~12.42%. The contribution rate of N transport before anthesis （69.54%~84.60%） was significantly higher than that of N accumulation after anthesis （15.40%~30.46%）, and N accumulation before anthesis was the main source of N in rice plants. The partial productivity and nitrogen harvest index of 1/4M+3/4NPK treatment were higher than those of NPK treatment, which were increased by 16.42% and 10.29%, respectively. The combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly improved rice quality and increased the amino acid content of grains, the content of non-essential amino acids was about twice as much as that of essential amino acids. Under the long-term fertilization condition, 25% organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer treatment, on the basis of reduced chemical fertilizer application, can improve the utilization rate of fertilizer and promote the absorption of rice nutrients, which is the best fertilization measure to achieve rice yield increase and quality improvement in the paddy soil area of yellow soil.

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Short-term Effects of Lime on Decomposition and Nutrient Release Characteristics of Rapeseed Straw and Early Rice Yield in Red Paddy Field Weisheng LÜ, Fuliang XIAO, Depeng HAN, Wei ZHENG, Guobin XIAO, Yazhen LI, Tianbao HUANG, Xiaojun XIAO 2021, 27(6): 69-73.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.014 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (703KB) ( )   A field experiment was conducted in the red soil hilly region in the early-rice season in 2018 to examine the effects of lime on decomposition and nutrient release characteristics of rapeseed straw and rice yield formation. The results showed that applying lime or rape straw to the field significantly increased the yield of early rice, and the two had a significant interaction effect. The application of lime significantly promoted the decomposition and nitrogen release of rape straw in the early and mid-term after returning to the field, but had no significant effect on the release of phosphorus and potassium. Rape straw returning to the field combined with lime application increased tillering and effective panicle, nutrients（N, P, K） absorption, dry matter accumulation and simultaneously increased the number of effective spikes and grains per panicle, thus expanded the population storage capacity. It can be seen that in acid red soil rice fields, returning rape straw to the field and applying lime accelerated its own decomposition and nitrogen release, and increased rice yield.

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Effects of Cooking Water Quality Combined with Water Addition and Soaking Time on Palatability of Japonica Rice Ping LI, Guangchun ZHOU, Jing CUI, Fengying LI, Wenmin LI, Xinyan GU, Yuji MATSUE 2021, 27(6): 74-79.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.015 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (562KB) ( )   The study was conducted to determine the effects of water quality on the palatability of japonica rice and clarify whether the effects were related to the amount of water addition and soaking time. Sensory evaluation and texture determination were employed for two cultivars, which were cooked in tap water and pure water. The results showed that, the appearance, aroma, taste and overall eating-quality scores of the tested rice cultivars first increased and then decreased with the increase of water addition for cooking. The above indicators arrived the highest scores when the weight ratio of rice to water was 1:1.50, and the palatability is the best. In the range of rice-water weight ratio of 1:1.25 to 1:1.50, the palatability and viscosity of rice cooked in pure water were higher than those cooked in tap water. With the increase of water addition for cooking, the hardness of the rice texture decreased and the viscosity increased, which were consistent with the sensory evaluation results. With the increase of the soaking time, the appearance, taste, viscosity and overall eating-quality scores increased first and then decreased and after soaking for 1.0 h, the above indicators arrived the highest scores, and the palatability is the best. Increase in soaking time resulted in the decline of the aroma of cooked rice. The overall eating-quality of rice which was soaked and then cooked in pure water was higher than that of in tap water. In summary, for Jinchuan 1 and Jinyuan E28, the weight ratio of rice to water was 1:1.50, soaked for 1.0 h and then cooked in pure water could get better palatability.

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Study on Material Production Characteristics of Super Rice in Mudanjiang Region Baicheng WANG, Xianghai MENG 2021, 27(6): 80-85.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.016 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (647KB) ( )   To clarify the characteristics of dry matter accumulation and dry matter spatial distribution of super rice under different ecological and fertilization conditions, a field test was carried out with the super rice varieties Longdao 5 and Songgeng 9 as experimental materials, which were suitable for planting and producing more in Mudanjiang area of Heilongjiang province, and taking Mudanjiang 28（V3） as the control. The results showed that the dry matter accumulation of the same varieties under low nitrogen conditions was less than that of under high nitrogen conditions, and dry matter accumulation of super rice varieties were similar in different test areas, the dry matter accumulation was faster in the middle and late stage, which was generally characterized by “small in the front, stable in the middle and high in the back”. Dry matter of rice was evenly distributed within a space of 0~100 cm. Dry matter of middle and upper layers of Longdao 5 and Songgeng 9 were higher, and the storage of single-stem matter was significantly higher than that of Mudanjiang 28. The dry matter weight of each layer of rice stems decreased with the increase of height. The dry matter accumulation of each layer among different varieties of the same fertility showed that the bottom layer was Mudanjiang 28> Longrice 5> Songgeng 9, and the uper layers were Songgeng 9 > Longrice 5> Mudanjiang 28. Under the condition of the same variety with different fertility, the dry matter accumulation of each panicle with low nitrogen was less than that of high nitrogen. High grain number per panicle and seed setting rate were the main reasons for high yield of super rice. Under the different soil fertility conditions, super rice varieties showed higher fertility and fertilizer tolerance.

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Study on Cold Tolerance of Rice Varieties in Jilin Zhenyu ZHANG, Shu DANG, Guiying LONG, Di LUO, Xiaotong GONG, Qian GAO 2021, 27(6): 86-89.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.017 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (502KB) ( )   Cold stress is an important factor to reducing rice yield. In order to explore the cold resistance of different rice varieties, 25 main varieties of Jilin Province were used as materials to determine and analyze the changes in the contents of proline, malondialdehyde, chlorophyll and soluble sugars under cold stress conditions. The results showed that the free amino acid content and malondialdehyde content of all tested rice varieties increased significantly under cold stress. Jigeng 515, Tonghe 66 and Akita Komachi accumulated more proline. The chlorophyll content of Jigeng 809, Jihong 9 and Tonghe 66 did not change significantly under cold stress compared with that under normal temperature conditions, and the growth was better, and the cold tolerance was more prominent. Jigeng 515, Jinongda 538 and Jinongda 853 accumulated more soluble sugar under cold stress, thus improving cold resistance. Jixiang 6, Hongke 88 was weak in cold resistance, so it was necessary to pay attention to the prevention of cold damage in the cultivation process.

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Analysis of Japonica Rice Varieties Bred in Yunnan Province in Recent 10 Years Xinkuan CHUAN, Chuanjie YANG, Guosheng LI, Hongcan KANG, Jinyan WANG, Xinwang ZHOU, Quanheng LI 2021, 27(6): 90-94.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.018 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (423KB) ( )   98 japonica varieties bred in the past 10 years （2011—2020） in Yunnan Province, by regional test group and variety type, can be divided into four types: middle-altitude conventional japonica rice, high-altitude conventional japonica rice, three-line hybrid japonica rice, and two-line hybrid japonica rice. The yield, resistance and quality of these 4 types of plateau japonica rice varieties were compared and analyzed in this paper. The results showed that the bred varieties are mainly conventional japonica rice, accounting for 73.47%; the main breeding subjects are scientific research institutes, accounting for 90.82%; the yield of hybrid japonica rice is 6.16% higher than that of conventional japonica rice, and the yield of mid-elevation conventional japonica rice is 6.42% higher than that of high-altitude conventional japonica rice, the increase of the number of grains per panicle is the main factor for the yield increasement of plateau japonica rice in recent years; the bred varieties have insufficient resistance to rice blast, but have strong resistance to bacterial blight; the rice quality of the bred varieties is generally poor, the grain quality of mid-elevation conventional japonica rice is better than that of high-altitude conventional japonica rice and hybrid japonica rice, the key factors that limit the quality of japonica rice in Yunnan Plateau are the whole rice rate, chalky grain rate, polished rice rate and chalkiness. Properly increasing individuals and constructing a higher level of coordination and balance between individuals and groups is the key direction of plateau japonica rice breeding.

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Considerations on the Exploitation and Utilization of Rice Culture Resources from “Shangshan” in Zhejiang Province Xiaobo BIAN, Chunchun XU, Jianxia ZHOU, Long JI, Zhongdu CHEN, Tao YU, Xiaoyang CHEN, Fuping FANG 2021, 27(6): 95-99.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.019 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (665KB) ( )   Rice is an important grain crop in China, and rice culture is an important part of China's agricultural culture. Zhejiang Province has a history of over ten thousand years of rice cultivation and a large number of rice cultivation sites, with the distinctive features of the earliest site age, the largest number of sites and the most complete site context. In the current, the protection and utilization of rice cultural sites in Zhejiang province are facing outstanding problems such as the area of rice is drastically reduced, inadequate value mining, inadequate use of resources integration and the degree of protection and utilization is insufficient, need through the construction of Zhejiang museum, speed up the rice science and technology and culture research base construction, strengthened excavation and protection and utilization of rice germplasm resources, speed up the building of rice culture industry brand, to further excavate and utilize the rice-farming cultural resources from the“Shangshan”in Zhejiang province, and promote the construction of Zhejiang culture in the new era and the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy.

Special Thesis & Basic Research

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R Language and Its Basic Application in Agricultural Experimental Data Analysis-1 WANG Lei, Min Jiaxin, E Zhiguo 2021, 27(6): 100-107.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.020 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (932KB) ( )   R language has been the most popular computing language in scientific research, but its application in agricultural experiment data analysis in China is still very limited. We are writing two articles to introduce R language and basic application in the agricultural experiment data analysis. As the first article, we are focusing on some very basic knowledge for the new beginners, such as R software download, install, how to enter data and do some basic computations and make simple graphs. We hope this article will help agricultural scientists in China gain some preliminary understanding of R language and try using R to analyze trial data.

Varieties & Technology

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Plant Nutrients Increase Essential Amino Acid in Rice and Its Development Prospect Chunyan LI, Zhiyuan ZHANG, Jianzhou TANG, Shun ZHANG, Xinghai LIU, Yuefei ZHANG 2021, 27(6): 108-111.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.021 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (471KB) ( )   High-essential amino acid nutritional rice refers to increasing the essential amino acid content of raw grains through breeding and cultivation（spraying plant nutrients） technology, after raw grains are processed, the total amount of eight essential amino acids in polished rice, including histidine, threonine, methionine, valine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, and lysine, is more than 2 750 mg/100 g. This research is devoted to produce nutritious rice with high essential amino acids. At present, we had developed a kind of plant nutrient which can be used to produce nutritious rice with high essential amino acids, and it has been applied in the field to increase the essential amino acid content of rice. This paper introduced the general situation and field application of plant nutrients, the enterprise standard of food safety of high essential amino acid rice, and compared the essential amino acid content among different rice varieties and between high essential amino acid nutritional rice and several high quality rice at home and abroad. At the same time, prospects the development of nutritional rice with high essential amino acids.

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Comparison of Quality Characteristics of Spring Rice and Wheat Stubble Rice in Tianjin Fei ZHAO, Jian LIU, Jin DU, Gaoyi CAO, Chunyang XIANG, Xiuru WU, Yakun YANG 2021, 27(6): 112-114.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.022 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (369KB) ( )   The differences of quality characteristics between spring and wheat stubble rice were analyzed for Jinchuan 1 and Longyou 619 varieties. The results showed that the whole rice rate and the palatability score of Jinchuan 1 as wheat stubble rice were significantly lower than that as spring rice, the chalky grain rate and the protein content were significantly higher than that as spring rice. For Longyou 619, there was no significant difference in appearance, processing, palatability and nutritional quality between spring rice and wheat stubble rice, it was an ideal variety for continuous cropping of wheat stubble.

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Effects of Damage by Diseases, Pests and Weeds on Quality of Rice Youli ZHU, Dongbing HE, Xiaohong QIU, Feng ZHU 2021, 27(6): 115-118.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.023 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (484KB) ( )   Developing quality of rice industry has become a hotspot of agricultural scientific research and production. In addition to the variety factors, environmental factors and cultivation measures, affecting the quality of rice, the damage of diseases, pests and weeds is also an important aspect. In this paper, the influence of damage by diseases, pests and weeds on appearance quality, milling quality, appearance and eating quality, nutritional quality and health quality of rice were summarized. Suggested that with “seed processing + ecological control, emergency control” as the core of the green control technology used to control diseases, pests and weeds, could be effectively control the damage of rice by diseases, pests and weeds, ensure the safety of food production and improving rice quality.

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Reasons for the General Excessive Chemical Input in the Production of Japonica Rice in Northern Jiangsu and the Reduction Plan Guangyue SHI, Guangrong QI, Naisen LIU 2021, 27(6): 119-122.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.024 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (551KB) ( )   Through investigations, the author found that excessive application of chemicals was common in the production of japonica rice in northern Jiangsu, at the same time, put forwarded the technical scheme of reducing fertilizer and pesticide. The scheme include: (1) selecting suitable varieties; (2) cultivating strong seedlings with long seedling age; (3) popularizing the application of fertilizer before transplanting; (3) returning wheat straw to the field; (4) shallow ploughing and base fertilizer leakage proof; (5) early transplanting and increased line spacing; (6) aerated irrigation and high-quality roasted fields; (7) reducing and increasing efficiency of tiller fertilizer and applying enough panicle fertilizer; (8) comprehensive prevention and control. Under the condition that chemical inputs are reduced by 28%~42%, this scheme of japonica rice in northern Jiangsu can also ensure that the number of panicles is sufficient, the population quality is good, and the diseases, pests and weeds can be effectively prevented and controlled, so as to achieve the goal of “chemical input greatly reduced, rice yield not reduced, control effect not reduced, safety and high quality rice”.

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Discussion on the Application Effects of Storing Seedlings before Transplanting in Cold Regions Deyu MIAO, Xiaohui LI, Jincheng ZHANG 2021, 27(6): 123-125.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.025 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (311KB) ( )   In order to explore the effects of the measures of storing seedlings before transplanting on the seedlings quality and yield of rice, a field experiment was carried out by 16 branches of Heilongjiang Beidahuang Agricultural Co., Ltd. in 2020. The results showed that storing seedlings before transplanting was beneficial to slow down seedlings, increase root number, promote early tillering, and increase yield. After transplanting, there are fewer holes in the field, which reduces the amount of labor for seedling replenishment. Among them, the effect of storing seedlings for 4 days before transplanting was the best, and the yield was increased by 7.5 kg/667 m2 and the benefit was increased by 48.0 yuan/667 m2 compared with the control.

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Breeding and Cultivation of Long Grain Conventional Japonica Rice Kenyu 25 with High Yield and Good Quality Qi DU, Leiyue GENG, Tuo ZOU, Wei ZHANG, Lingqi MENG, Jianguang LI, Minli HAN, Qixing ZHANG 2021, 27(6): 126-127.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.026 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (256KB) ( )   Kenyu 25, bred by Institute of Coastal Agriculture, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestey Sciences, was a new conventional japonica rice variety with the advantages of high yield and good quality, strong disease resistance. The average yield of regional experiment in Hebei Province was up to 694.5 kg/667 m2, which was 11.4% higher than the control. The quality of Kenyu 25 was up to the level 3 of national high quality rice standard. It showed strong resistance to lodging and disease in the field and facilitated mechanized cultivation. The variety was approved by Hebei Provincial Crop Variety Certification Committee in 2020, and listed as the mainly popularized rice variety by Qinhuangdao City.

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Application Performance and Key Points of Water-saving Cultivation Techniques of Hybrid Rice Covered with Plastic Film in Wenshan Prefecture Chunling LU, Hongyou ZHOU, Yuecui HU, Zhiwan WANG 2021, 27(6): 128-129.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.027 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (273KB) ( )   The water-saving and dry-farming cultivation techniques of hybrid rice covered with plastic film has the characteristics of saving water resources, reducing the input of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, simple management, which has the effect of improving quality and efficiency. This article introduces the local demonstration performance of The water-saving and dry-farming cultivation mode of hybrid rice covered with plastic film and its suitable areas for promotion and application. At the same time, it summarizes the water-saving and dry-farming cultivation techniques of hybrid rice covered with plastic film in Wenshan Prefecture.

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Effects of Seedling Age and Plant Space on Yield of Mechanical-transplanted Conventional Late Japonica Rice Yuping XIAO, Ming FANG, Zujin SHEN, Jianqiang XU, Jianhua JIN, Chunhui LIU 2021, 27(6): 130-132.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.028 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (333KB) ( )   Using conventional late japonica rice Xiushui 134, Xiushui 14 and Jia 67 as materials, which were widely used in Tongxiang City, the effects of different leaf age and plant spacing on the yield and composition and the dynamics of stems and tillers of conventional late japonica rice were studied. The results showed that, the number of effective panicles and total spikelets decreased significantly, the number of grains per panicle and the thousand-grain weight increased significantly, and there was no significant difference in seed setting rate among different treatments with the extension of the transplanted seedling age. The yield of machine-transplanted conventional japonica rice at 3.0 leaves treatment was the highest（9.73 t/hm2）, which was 5.99% and 15.14% higher than 3.5 leaves and 4.0 leaves treatments, respectively. With the decrease of planting density, the number of effective spikes, total spikelets and 1000-grain weight all decreased significantly, while the number of grains per spike did not increase significantly. The average yield of machine-transplanted conventional japonica rice（9.34 t/hm2） under the 14 cm plant spacing treatment was the highest, which was 2.86% and 10.66% higher than that of the 16 cm and 18 cm treatments, respectively. In conclusion, the seedling age of 3 leaves with 30 cm×14 cm spacing seems to be the optimal seedling age and planting density for machine-transplanted conventional japonica rice.

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The Causes of Leaf Withering of Late Rice and Its Control Measures Ziqian PANG 2021, 27(6): 133-134.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.029 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (200KB) ( )   In recent years, large areas of leaf death have often occurred in the middle and late stages of late rice production, which caused serious damage to late rice production. The cause maybe bacterial blight or phytotoxicity. The prevention and control strategies are: select the excellent disease-resistant varieties, such as Tailiangyou 1332; scientific medication, take prevention as the main task, early prevention and early treatment, prevent the occurrence of phytotoxicity.

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Breeding and Cultivation Techniques of New Japonica Rice Variety Tongyuan 332 Yan PIAO, Fengjun TIAN, Haijun CAO, Yiwen MA, Haixin CAO, Hai LIU, Tao SONG 2021, 27(6): 135-136.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.030 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (251KB) ( )   Tongyuan 332 is a conventional japonica rice cultivar, bred by Tonghua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, using Nongda 30 as the female parent and 07-151 as the male parent, approved by Jilin Province Crop Varitety Approval Cornmittee in 2018. It has characteristics of high quality,high and stable yield, high seed setting rate, lodging resistance and wide adaptability. Tongyuan 332 performed well in regional test, production test, and large-scale demonstrations in Jilin Province and was welcomed by local rice farmers.

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From Garrison Reclamation to Modern Rice Production in Jiaxing City Gaofeng WANG, Xiaohong GU, Pei GENG, Shuning CAO 2021, 27(6): 137-139.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.06.031 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (450KB) ( )   The development of rice farming has promoted the progress of hunan civilization. Rice is one of the most important food crops in Jiaxing. Solving the problem of food is always the top priority of governing the country. The paper introduced the history and function of Garrison Reclamation in Jiahe（Jiaxing）, Zhejiang province, the main purpose of Garrison Reclamation is to solve the food supply for the army and farmers, briefly described the achievements of modern rice development in Jiaxing and the importance of future grain development, and put forwarded countermeasures.