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Development Trend and Prospect of Geng Rice in Northeast China Liang TANG, Wenfu CHEN 2021, 27(5): 1-4.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.001 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (505KB) ( )   With the development of economy and the improvement of people's living standards, the demand for geng rice in China's rice market continues to grow. Geng rice production in Northeast China directly affects the stability of geng rice market and the food security, and bears the historical responsibility of national food security and social stability. Reasonably and moderately developing Northeast geng rice production and increasing the total yield of high-quality geng rice are of great significance for ensuring the absolute security of grain ration and social stability in China. The development, current sitiuaition, problems and strategy for the future of Northeast geng rice were analysed and put forward in the paper.

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Discussion and Expectation of “Unmanned” Cultivation Technology System for Rice with High Quality and Yield Suitable for UAV Seeding Haibin ZHU, Zhongtao MA, Dong XU, Yufei LING, Haiyan WEI, Hui GAO, Zhipeng XING, Qun HU, Hongcheng ZHANG 2021, 27(5): 5-11.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.002 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1017KB) ( )   Rice direct seeding technology by unmanned aerial vehicle（UAV） is a new seeding technology with the rapid development of UAV industry in recent years, which uses agricultural UAV as the operating platform to finish rice seeding tasks. It has the characteristics of high operation efficiency, low work intensity, low use cost and high degree of intelligence. Besides, it can be compatible with field information acquisition and fertilization and pesticide scattering tasks, and can be interconnected with other intelligent “unmanned” agricultural devices to achieve intelligent farm production. Rice direct seeding technology system by UAV is an important supplement to the ground unmanned mechanized system of rice seeding, which provides a strong power for the “unmanned” rice planting in China. This paper briefly discusses the “unmanned” cultivation technology system for rice with high quality and yield in the future from the aspect of unmanned aerial seeding, and puts forward the prospect of this system.

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Current Situation and Regional Difference of Rice Grain Quality in Three Rice-Production Superiority Areas of China Weixing ZHANG, Chenyi MA, Yuwei YUAN, Weigui ZHANG, Xianqiao HU, Mingxue CHEN, Zhiwei ZHU 2021, 27(5): 12-18.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.003 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (647KB) ( )   To comprehensively and scientifically understand the current situation of rice quality and regional difference of three rice-production superiority areas in China, we collected a total of 5 879 rice samples by grid geographical layout and stratified random sampling from 455 key counties in 17 major rice production provinces of China during 2016—2020, and analyzed 12 quality traits and the ratio of good quality of those samples. The results showed that the ratio of good quality of Chinese rice samples in the past 5 years was 35.96%, the good quality rate of japonica rice（54.02%） was much higher than that of indica rice（27.30%）, and the good quality rate of middle-late rice （41.43%） was significantly higher than that of early rice （10.13%）. There were variations in the ratio of good quality of rice among different years （26.86% in 2016, 38.30% in 2017, 38.61% in 2018, 38.79% in 2019 and 33.33% in 2020）, and the difference of good quality rate among regions was obvious （71.38% in the Northeast Plain, which was significantly higher than 30.83% of the Southeast Coast and 25.78% of the Yangtze River Basin）. Northeast China had the highest ratio of good quality （69.65%, 75.13%, 76.87% in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning, respectively）, followed by South China （37.20% in Guangdong and 31.92% in Guangxi）, Jianghuai region （31.88% in Jiangsu, 34.88% in Anhui and 33.57% in Henan） and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau（31.16% in Guizhou, and 24.76% in Yunnan）, and the ratio of good quality in the Sichuan-Chongqing Basin and the Hunan-Jiangsi Plain still need to be improved. In general, various indicators of rice quality in the Northeast Plain were relatively proper, however, the low head rice rate and high chalkiness degree, which are the dominant factors, limited the ratio of good quality of rice in the Yangtze River Basin and the coast of Southeast China. Only 54.82% of the samples' head rice rate reached the good quality standard, the percentages of big three production superiority areas are 84.59%, 47.74%, and 46.17% respectively. Therefore, head rice rate is one of the key factors of regional difference of rice quality in China, and high head rice rate is considered as an important objective to achieve for good quality rice breeding and cultivation in southern China.

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Hybrid Rice Machine Transplanting Technology with Precision Sowing and Seedling Raising Defeng ZHU, Yaliang WANG, Huizhe CHEN, Yuping ZHANG, Jing XIANG 2021, 27(5): 19-22.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.004 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (515KB) ( )   In southern China, hybrid rice machine transplanting is still mainly based on flat seedling raising technology, which uses the broadcast song method in seedling tray, and does not realize the hybrid rice planting with low seedling number per hill, thus restrictes the promotion of hybrid rice and machine transplantation industrialization in hybrid rice production. On the basis of years in the study of the technology of flat seedling for machine transplanting, China National Rice Research Institute innovated precision seedling and transplanting technology, which broken through the bottleneck of machine transplanting technology in hybrid rice with flat seedling. This technology changed the traditional broadcast sowing to directional positioning drill sowing, significantly reduced seeding rate and improved seedling quality. With the corresponding mechanical transplanting technology, hybrid rice can be planted uniformly at a low cost, the rate of seedling leakage by mechanical transplanting was reduced to less than 5%, and the uniformity of the mechanical transplanting population improved. Additionally the corresponding machine transplanting method adjusted to get a higher uniformity transplanting with a low seedling number per hill, and declined the missing hill percent to less than 5%, furthermore improved the uniformity of rice population. The results of the two-year demonstration experiment in 2019 and 2020 showed that the precision seeding and machine transplanting technology economized 29.2% of the seeding rates, and increased rice yield by 10.2% compared to the traditional technology, which evidenced a significant effects in costs reducing and economic efficiency increasing in hybrid rice production.

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Characteristics of Rice Yield Formation and Annual Economic Benefit under Stable Rice Integrative Cultivation Mode Yan JIANG, Can ZHAO, Guangming LIU, Lingtian ZHAO, Weiling WANG, Zhongyang HUO 2021, 27(5): 23-28.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.005 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (720KB) ( )   In order to relieve the contradiction of “attaching importance to aquatic but neglecting rice”, we used two rice cultivars, Nangeng 9108 and Fengyouxiangzhan as test varieties, set up two rice farming patterns of rice-duck co-farming with milk vetch rotation （RD-Mv）, rice-crayfish rotation （R-C） , and rice-wheat rotation （R-W） as the control. The stable-yield rice population （yield > 7.5 t/hm2） was constructed by comprehensive cultivation measures to study the yield formation and annual economic benefits of rice under different rice cropping patterns. The results showed that, the rice yield of RD-Mv was significantly increased compared with R-W, with an average increase of 7.17%. The rice yield of R-C was equivalent to that of R-W. RD-Mv increased yield by raising panicle number and R-C stablized yield by increasing grain number. RD-Mv and R-C could increase the SPAD value of flag leaves, and increase leaf area index （LAI） by 9.97%~33.45% and 12.78%~39.78% respectively than R-W. The dry matter accumulation of RD-Mv and R-C were increased, mainly from sowing to tillering stages. In terms of annual benefits, R-C had a high profit, with the ratio of production to investment of 3.12, and RD-Mv increased profits, but the ratio of production to investment was only 2.29, which was lower than 2.51 of R-W. In conclusion, both RD-Mv and R-C could stabilize yield production and increase income, The reasons for increasing and stabling yield were high chlorophyll content, LAI, photosynthetic potential and dry matter accumulation at the early stage as well as good population growth.

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Current State, Problem and Prospect of Application of “Water and Fertilizer Integration” in Rice Cultivation Hengyu MA, Mengjia WANG, Min YIN, Guang CHU, Chunmei XU, Xiufu ZHANG, Danying WANG, Song CHEN 2021, 27(5): 29-32.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.006 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (515KB) ( )   The water and fertilizer integration technology is a cutting-edge technology combined irrigation and fertilization during the crop growth. Application of water and fertilizer integration technology can not only improve the use efficiency of water and fertilizer, but also be an critical pathway by which to realize the intelligent management of agriculture. We summarized the research progress of “water and fertilizer integration” for the past decades, and introduced the technological models and the status of its application in facility and field crop, such as corn and cotton. Furthermore, we summarized the problems of applying current technological methods in rice, e.g. high cost, unfriendly environment and poor adaptability of varieties and also discussed possible solutions concerning the issues. Thereby, we proposed that reconstruction of irrigation ditches, proper use of drip irrigation pipe, utilization of ridge and furrow model, integration of water, fertilizer and pesticides, and screening available varieties, may provide a better solution for further application of the fertigation in rice production.

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Research Progress on Relationship Between Rice Rhizosphere Environment and Nitrogen Utilization Lei LIU, Jingju XU, Hao ZHANG 2021, 27(5): 33-37.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.007 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (623KB) ( )   High-efficiency utilization of nitrogen is the key to achieving high rice yield and establishing environmentally friendly agriculture. The rhizosphere environment is closely related to whether nitrogen can be efficiently used, and it is also a research hotspot in the fields of cultivation, soil and ecology in recent years. We summarize the definition and category of rice rhizosphere environment, analyze the relevant mechanisms of nitrogen absorption and utilization by rice, expound the relationship between rhizosphere soil, root system, and rhizosphere microorganisms and nitrogen utilization, and analyze current problems and prospects for future research.

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Research Progress on Screening of Rice Cultivars in Integrated Rice-Crayfish Farming Halun GUO, Yangyang LI, Linrong CHEN, Yicheng ZHOU, Zhi DOU, Qiang XU, Hui GAO 2021, 27(5): 38-40.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.008 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (411KB) ( )   Rice-crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) integrated farming is an important pattern of rice green production, and promotes improvement of rice industry quality and benefit, which can effectively promote the transformation and upgrading of rice industry. In recent years, it had expanded rapidly across many areas in China. However, yield and benefit of rice-crayfish integrated farming performed not steady currently, therefore technical level of rice-crayfish integrated farming, especially for the shortage of rice varieties suitable for different modes of rice-crayfish integrated farming with high yield and excellent quality, was urgently to be optimized. Some researchers have carried out studies on the selection of rice varieties under continuous rice-crayfish rotation or mutualism. This paper described the current research progress on rice variety selection under rice-fish integrated farming, discussed the characteristics requirements for rice variety from different rice-fish integrated farming modes, and proposed future development direction of rice varieties breeding and selection under rice-crayfish integrated farming. This paper could provide reference for improving quality and benefit of rice-fish integrated farming.

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Effects of Different Mechanical Planting Methods on Yield, Quality and Aroma of Fragrant Rice under Organic Cultivation Conditions Pipeng XING, Jinhai LIU, Haowen LUO, Rifang LAI, Longxin HE, Hua TIAN, Meiyang DUAN, Shenggang PAN, Zhaowen MO, Xiangru TANG 2021, 27(5): 41-44.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.009 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (476KB) ( )   Sustainable development agriculture and organic cultivation get more and more attention. The effects of different mechanical planting methods on the yield, quality and aroma of the conventional fragrant rice variety 19 Xiang under the organic cultivation conditions were studied. In this experiment, four treatments were set up, namely mechanical transplanting with dry transplanter （DD）, mechanical transplanting with water transplanter （DW）, mechanical dry direct seeding （D）, conventional water transplanting method as the control （CK）. The results showed that, there was no significant difference in effective panicle number, grains per panicle, seed-setting rate, 1000-grain weight and yield between DD treatment and CK, while the yield under D treatment decreased significantly. Compared with CK, DD, DW and D treatments significantly inhibited the expression of BADH2,a key inhibit gene of rice aroma synthesis, thereby enhancing rice aroma, with the highest content of aroma substance （2-acetyl-1-pyrroline） under DD treatment. In conclusion, the mechanical transplanting with dry transplanter is suitable as a mechanical planting method under organic cultivation conditions.

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Effects of Different Tillage Methods and Straw Returning on Rice Yield and Rice Quality under Long-Term Location Experiment Wentao ZHOU, Yan MAO, Zhiwei TANG, Jianjun WU, Dingyi XU, Zhiqiang FU 2021, 27(5): 45-49.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.010 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (500KB) ( )   Based on a long-term location experiment, Zhongjiazao 17（early rice type） and Taiyou 390（late rice type） were used as the experimental materials to study the performance of rice yield and quality under the conditions of coupling of different tillage methods and straw returning to the field. The results showed that, compared with the treatment of not returning the straw to the field, the treatment of returning the straw to the field could significantly increase the yield of rice by 9%, the treatment of “early rice rotary tillage + late rice tillage” had the most obvious effect on increasing rice yield. The annual yield is as high as 15.8 t/hm2, which is 5% to 36% higher than other treatments. The interaction of straw returning to the field and tillage methods had extremely significant effects on the chalky grain rate of early rice and late rice, the RVA profile characteristics of early rice and eating quality, and the reduction value of late rice, but had no significant effect on other appearance and processing quality. There was no obvious difference in the appearance quality of rice under different tillage methods. The processing quality of “returning straw to the field + no-tillage for early and late rice” treatment was the best, while the treatment of “returning straw to the field + early rice rotary tillage + late rice plowing” had the best RVA profile characteristics. In conclusion, the treatment of “returning straw to the field + rotary tillage of early rice + tillage of late rice” had the best yield-increasing effect and the best cooking and eating quality.

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Effects of Different Ntrogen Levels on Growth and Yield of Machine-Transplanted Rice with and without Biodegradable Film Mulching Jiahuan XIONG, Huizhe CHEN, Jing XIANG, Yikai ZHANG, Yaliang WANG, Zhigang WANG, Guohui HU, Yuping ZHANG 2021, 27(5): 50-53.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.011 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (516KB) ( )   The effects of biodegradable film mulching on the growth and yield of machine-transplanted rice under different levels of nitrogen application was conducted at China National Rice Research Institute in 2019 and 2020, with different nitrogen levels, namely 0 and 13 kg/667 m2 under normal machine-transplanted conditions, and 13 kg/667 m2 and 11 kg/667 m2 under biodegradable film mulching. The results showed that, under the same N application rate, the rice yield mulched with biodegradable film increased by 6.1% and 2.6% compared without biodegradable film mulching in 2019 and 2020, respectively; the dry matter accumulation at maturity increased by 17.4% and 5.3%, respectively; under the film mulching conditions, there was no difference in rice yield and dry matter accumulation with a 15% reduction in N fertilizer application, but the N partial factor productivity increased significantly, indicating that mulching could reduce the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer while ensuring a certain yield. Reduced application of N fertilizer can avoid environmental pollution caused by excessive fertilization. This technology provides a new way for stable rice yield and green efficiency production.

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Effects of Postponing Nitrogen Topdressing on Yield, Chalkiness in Different Grain Positions and Tasting Quality of Hybrid Indica Rice Yinghan LUO, Bo LI, Yongjian SUN, Changchun GUO, Mengwen XING, Feijie LI, Fangyan LIU, Zhiyuan YANG, Fuxian XU, Jun MA 2021, 27(5): 54-59.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.012 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (500KB) ( )   The low chalky with high-tasting variety Yixiangyou 2115 and the high chalky with low-tasting variety F You 498 were used as the test materials, and three nitrogen fertilizer management methods （basic fertilizer: tiller fertilizer: panicle fertilizer ratios were 5:3:2, 3:3:4, 3:1:6, respectively, denoted as N1, N2, N3） under the condition of nitrogen application rate of 150 kg/hm2, and no nitrogen （N0） were set up, the effects of nitrogen fertilizer management methods on the yield, chalkiness and taste quality of hybrid indica rice, and the relationship between the chalkiness and tasting quality in different grain positions were studied. The results showed that the varieties and N fertilizer management had significant effects on grain yield, nitrogen agronomic use efficiency, rice chalkiness and tasting value of different grain positions. The yield and nitrogen use efficiency of the two tested varieties were the highest with N2, achieved a synergistic increase in yield and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency. At the same time, it could reduce the chalkiness and increase the taste value in different grain positions of Yixiangyou 2115. However, F You 498 should be treated with N1, which could improve its grain quality in different grain positions. Further analysis found that the chalkiness and the chalky grain rate of the superior grains were lower than the inferior grains, the grains on the primary branches were lower than the grains on the secondary branches, the grains in the upper of the panicle were higher than those in the middle and lower panicle. The taste value of the superior grains was higher than the inferior grains, the grains on the primary branch was higher than the grains on the secondary branch, and the grains in the upper of the panicle were higher than the grains in the middle and lower of the panicle. The correlation analysis showed that the chalkiness was significantly or extremely significantly correlated with tasting value （r=-0.706*~ -0.937**）. Reducing the chalkiness of rice was the main way to improve tasting quality.

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Effects of Deep Application of New Controlled Release Fertilizer Machine on Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Middle Rice in Jianghuai Wenge WU, Yalan JI, Youzun XU, Xueyuan SUN, Chenghu ZHONG, Xiaohai SHU, Lihong XU, Zhaodong ZHANG, Yujun WANG, Jianfeng GAN, Hongqiang JIANG, Bi HE, Gensheng HU, Hongbin WANG, Hongxing WU 2021, 27(5): 59-63.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.013 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (532KB) ( )   Side deep fertilization technology based on the new type of controlled-release fertilizer which can reduce the frequency of fertilization, decrease the amount of fertilization and improve the nitrogen utilization efficiency. Research results in Jianghuai area of Anhui Province in 2020 showed that the amount of fertilization for bio-based controlled-release fertilizer reduced about 20% based on conventional fertilization rate（N=13.5 kg/667 m2） in hybrid mid-indica rice, and reduced about 10% based on conventional fertilization （N=15.6 kg/667 m2） in conventional mid-japonica rice or that reduced 20% based on conventional fertilization plus once panicle fertilizer both in indica and japonica rice, would not significantly reduce rice yield, but significantly increased nitrogen utilization efficiency.

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The Relationship between Material Transport at Grain Filling Stage and Quality of Hybrid Indica Rice in Different Grain Positions under Mechanical Direct Seeding Condition Bo LI, Yinghan LUO, Yongjian SUN, Mengwen XING, Feijie LI, Fangyan LIU, Zhiyuan YANG, Fuxian XU, Jun MA 2021, 27(5): 64-69.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.014 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (665KB) ( )   Eight hybrid indica rice varieties were selected as test materials to compare the differences in material transport at grain filling stage, grain yield, and rice quality in different grain positions （superior and inferior grains, primary and secondary branches, upper, middle, and lower）, and to explore the relationship between material transport at grain filling stage and quality of hybrid indica rice in different grain positions under mechanical direct seeding condition. The results showed that it has a high number of spikelets, 1000-grain weight, and export and translocation percentage of stem-sheaths and leaf during grain filling stage, which are the main characteristics of mechanical direct seeding varieties with high-yield. The chalky grain rate and chalkiness degree of the superior and the primary branch grains were lower than the inferior and the secondary branch grains, and the tasting value was higher than the corresponding inferior and the secondary branch grains. The rice quality characteristics of the upper part of the panicles were higher than those of the middle and lower parts of the panicle to different degrees, but there are differences between the varieties. The tasting value of Yixiangyou 2115 in different grain positions was higher than other varieties in different degrees. Correlation analysis showed that the export and translocation percentage of stem-sheaths during grain filling stage were significantly or extremely significantly negatively correlated with the chalkiness in different grain positions （r=-0.66*~-0.85**）and extremely significant positive correlation with tasting value （r=0.67*~0.86**）, which could improve the quality of different grain positions. Yixiangyou 2115 has a good performance in yield and rice quality in different grain positions, especially obvious advantages in eating quality, and suitable for application as a direct seeding rice variety.

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Effects of Nitrogen Reduction on Culm Growth and Lodging Resistance of Machine-Transplanted Hybrid Indica Rice Wenbo XU, Rongji WANG, Mingjin JIANG, Xuehai JIANG, Guangmei JI, Min LI, Deqiang LUO, Weijia ZHOU 2021, 27(5): 70-75.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.015 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (740KB) ( )   Four different nitrogen fertilizer treatments were set to study the effects of nitrogen reduction on the yield and culm growth characteristics of machine-transplanted hybrid indica rice Yixiangyou 2115 and F You 498, and its relationship with lodging resistance. The results showed that compared with the control （nitrogen fertilizer amount 180 kg/hm2）, with the increase of nitrogen reduction, the yield of the tested rice varieties gradually decreased, but the yield of N150 treatment （nitrogen fertilizer amount 150 kg/hm2） did not decrease significantly, while the yield of N120 treatment （nitrogen fertilizer amount 120 kg/hm2） and N0 treatment （no nitrogen） decreased significantly. The plant height and the height of the center of gravity of the two rice cultivars decreased, the length of the basal internode shortened, and the culm type index of the basal internode increased, while the fullness of the basal internode （dry weight of the basal internode, dry weight of the basal internode per unit length and dry weight of the basal internode per unit volume） first increased and then decreased, the bending moment of the whole plant decreased, the bending moment at the breaking increased, which resulted in a decrease in the lodging index and strong lodging resistant. Correlation analysis showed that lodging index was positively correlated with grain yield, plant height, the height of the center of gravity, bending moment of the whole plant and the length of the basal internode; and was negatively correlated with the internode diameter, bending moment at the breaking, culm wall thickness, culm type index and fullness of the basal internode. In summary, suitable nitrogen reduction （N150） could simultaneously achieve nitrogen reduction and stable yield and high lodging resistance of machine-transplanted hybrid indica rice. However, excessive nitrogen reduction （N120 or N0） could greatly improve lodging resistance, it was difficult to achieve high or stable yield.

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Effects of Spraying Different Biochemical Regulators in Different Periods on Yield and Lodging Resistance of High-Quality Rice Fangbo CAO, Tao LEI, Yu LIU, Jialin CAO, Jiana CHEN, Min HUANG, Yingbin ZOU 2021, 27(5): 76-78.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.016 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (332KB) ( )   The effects of spraying different biochemical regulators at different periods on the yield and lodging resistance of high-quality hybrid rice Longjingyou 570 were studied under field cultivation conditions. The results showed that spraying paclobutrazol, calcium diclofenac and other biochemical regulators compounds at the jointing stage or at the jointing stage and the heading stage significantly shortened the base internode length of Longjingyou 570, enhanced the ability to resist lodging, and significantly increased the yield. The treatment of spraying biochemical regulators only at the heading stage had a certain effect on lodging resistance and yield compared with the sprayed water treatment, but the difference was not significant.

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Effects of Different Straw Retuning Methods on Rice Yield and Quality in Rice and Wheat Rotation System Jingjing WU, Simei ZHANG, Dongxiang GU, Kejun GU 2021, 27(5): 79-83.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.017 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (453KB) ( )   In order to explore the effects of different straw returning methods and models on rice yield and quality in Huaibei area, we took Youxianggeng as experimental material, compared and analyzed the yield and quality of Youxianggeng under different straw returning methods （rotary tillage, plowing） and models （no returning, double returning, rice returning and wheat returning） under normal water and fertilizer management. The two-year results showed that the yield was the lowest in the plowing and no returning treatment, and the yield increasement effect of straw returning was more significant under plowing condition. According to the analysis of yield composition, most indicators interacted significant and extremely significant level between straw returning methods and modes. At the same time, there were significant and extremely significant differences in panicle weight, panicle length, number of grains per panicle, primary branch and secondary branch among returning modes in 2020, showing a tendency that straw returning was better than non returning. The seed setting rate under plowing was significantly higher than that under rotary tillage. There were significant and extremely significant differences in chalky grain rate, alkali spreading value, content of amylose, transparency and RVA value among different treatments in 2020. The chalky grain rate under plowing was significantly better than that under rotary tillage. Under plowing conditions, the amylose content of rice returning treatment and wheat returning treatment was significantly higher than that of no returning treatment, indicating that straw returning increased the amylose content to a certain extent, so that the rice was not too soft and sticky. RVA data showed that the value was the best under the treatment of rotary tillage with no returning and ploughing with wheat returing. It shows that different returning patterns may affect the eating quality of rice.

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Effects of Different Fertilization Technologies and Sowing Rates on Grain Yield of Direct Seeded Rice in South China Youqiang FU, Kaiming LIANG, Guoxun MAI, Huarong PAN, Haoqi XU, Junfeng PAN, Xiangyu HU, Xuhua ZHONG, Nongrong HUANG 2021, 27(5): 84-89.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.018 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (915KB) ( )   Direct seeding of rice is a simplified and high-efficient cultivation model with good application prospects. A field experiment was carried out in the direct-seeding rice area in western Guangdong, and the effects of different fertilization methods （farmer fertilization method and “three control” fertilization method） and sowing rates （2.0, 3.5, 5.0, 6.5, 8.0 and 10.0 kg/667 m2） on yield of the direct-seeding rice were studied. The results showed that, compared with farmer fertilization method, the effective panicle number and seed setting rate of rice using the “three-control” fertilization method decreased by 20.1% and 5.1%, respectively, but the number of spikelets per panicle increased by 31.6%, and the grain yield increased by 11.3%. With the increase of seeding rate, the number of effective panicles of rice increased from 3.04 million/hm2 to 4.64 million/hm2, and the number of spikelets per panicle decreased from 112.09 to 81.90. When the sowing rate was 3.5 kg/667 m2, the grain yield reached 6.66 t/ hm2, which was the highest among all sowing rate treatments. In summary, the varieties with a large number of spikelets per panicle, a high harvest index and a large thousand grains are suitable for direct-seeding rice production in South China, with a sowing rate of 3.5 kg/667 m2 and the “three controls” fertilization technology.

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Effects of Biochar Application on Soil Chemical Properties and Rice Seedlings Growth Xiaohong YIN, Jiana CHEN, Tao LEI, Zui TAO, Zhengwu XIAO, Ge CHEN, Min HUANG 2021, 27(5): 90-92.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.019 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (315KB) ( )   A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of adding rapeseed straw biochar on soil chemical properties and rice seedling growth. The results showed that adding biochar significantly increased pH value and organic matter content of the soil, but did not significantly affect total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen contents in the soil. Adding biochar significantly increased root activity, total root length, total root surface, total root volume, number of tillers, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content, dry matter of rice. In summary, adding biochar is beneficial to improve soil fertility and consequently promote root and shoot growth of rice seedlings.

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Effects of Controlled Irrigation on Yield and Quality of Water-Saving and Drought-Resistance Rice in Cold Region Guohua DING, Liangzi CAO, Jinsong ZHOU, Liangming BAI, Tongtong WANG, Yu LUO, Guang YANG, Zhugang LI, Lei CHEN, Hui JIANG, Kai LIU, Haofei LIU, Xueyang WANG, Yanling SUN, Yan HUANG, Dawei YIN, Shichen SUN, Yongcai LAI 2021, 27(5): 93-96.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.020 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (457KB) ( )   In this study, Longdao 18 and new strains Longdao 17006, Longdao 17009, Longdao 17011 and Longdao 17016 were used as test materials to study the effects of controlled irrigation and conventional irrigation on the yield and quality of these materials, hoping to provide references for water-saving cultivation in cold regions. The results showed that the controlled irrigation treatment had different effects on the yield and quality of the tested materials. Under controlled irrigation, the yields of Longdao 17009 and Longdao 18 were higher than those under conventional irrigation, while the yields of Longdao 17006, Longdao 17011, and Longdao 17016 decreased. The yield of Longdao 17009 was significantly higher than other materials under controlled irrigation treatment, and the increase in effective tillers and the increase in the number of grains per panicle were the main reason for its increase in yield. The eating quality of Longdao 17009, Longdao 17011 and Longdao 18 under controlled irrigation was lower than that under conventional irrigation, the increase in protein content was the main reason for the decrease in the taste of Longdao 17009. In addition, controlled irrigation was beneficial to maintaining a higher leaf color value during the filling stage of rice and to maintaining the physiological activity of the leaves. Combining controlled irrigation with water-saving and drought-resistant rice can not only save water, but also increase rice yield while maintaining good quality, achieving cost-saving and increasing efficiency, which is of great significance to the sustainable utilization of water resources.

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Analysis of Dry MatterAccumulation and Lodging Resistance of Machine-Transplanted Indica Rice Guiyong LI, Meifeng SHI, Qinglan HE, Haiping ZHU, Qiongmei XIA, Ruiping LONG, Anfeng DENG, Congdang YANG 2021, 27(5): 97-101.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.021 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (512KB) ( )   In order to explore the relationship between dry matter accumulation, lodging resistance and yield of machine-transplanted indica rice varieties, the dry matter accumulation, lodging index, yield and other agronomic characteristics of 19 machine-transplanted indica rice varieties planted in a large area in Yunnan Province were investigated and analyzed. The results showed that the average yield of 19 machine-transplanted indica rice was 11 457.46 kg/hm2; the dry matter accumulation from tillering to jointing, jointing to heading, and heading to maturity accounted for 23.14%, 30.22%, and 83.71% of the yield, respectively; the export percentage and translocation percentage of stem-sheaths were 29.68% and 22.38%, respectively. Lodging risk from high to small is N5 internode>N4 internode>N3 internode. There was no significant correlation between lodging index of N3 internode, N4 internode and N5 internode. The correlation coefficient between dry matter accumulation after heading and yield was the highest, at 0.92, reaching a very significant level. The results could provide a theoretical basis for the selection of high-yield varieties of machine-transplanted indica rice.

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Research Progress on the Effects of Deep-Water Irrigation on Rice Lodging Resistance in Rice-Fishing Symbiosis Linrong CHEN, Yangyang LI, Halun GUO, Zhi DOU, Qiang XU, Hui GAO 2021, 27(5): 102-104.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.022 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (421KB) ( )   Deep water irrigation for a certain period of time is a necessary condition for rice-fishing symbiosis. The performance of quality, yield and lodging resistance of rice directly affect rice production level of rice-fishing symbiosis. The paper expounded the research progress of selection of rice cultivars, detriment of lodging and its evaluation system under rice-fish integrated farming, and the influence of deep-water irrigation on rice stem mechanical property, morphology and anatomy. The purpose of the paper was to provide reference for high-quality development of rice-fish integrated farming.

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Effects of Combined Application of Photosynthetic Bacteria and Urea on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties, Enzyme Activities, and Rice Yield and Processing Quality Zhiqiang ZHAO, Xiaorong WEN, Yan GAO, Yuguo LI, Yingwu SHI, Hongmei YANG, Jun ZENG, Fengbing WANG 2021, 27(5): 105-110.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.023 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (786KB) ( )   Six treatments were set to study the effects of photosynthetic bacteria （PSB） alone and in combination with urea on soil physical and chemical properties, enzyme activities, and the agronomic traits, yield and quality of rice Xingengyi 7. The six treatments are: T1, urea 0 kg/667 m2+ PSB 54 kg/667 m2; T2, urea 25 kg/667 m2+ PSB 54 kg/667 m2; T3, urea 30 kg/667 m2+ PSB 54 kg/667 m2; T4, urea 35 kg/667 m2+ PSB 54 kg/667 m2; T5, urea 40 kg/667 m2+ PSB 54 kg kg/667 m2; CK, urea 0 kg/667 m2+ PSB 0 kg/667 m2. The results showed that compared with CK, the soil organic carbon content of T1 treatment increased significantly, while total phosphorus content decreased significantly; the soil urease and nitrate reductase activities of T1 treatment decreased significantly, while the activity of nitrite reductase increased significantly; the rice yield of T1 treatment increased significantly, 5.19% higher than that of CK. With the increase of urea dosage, various factors in the soil decreased. Among them, the contents of nitrate nitrogen and organic matter in the T3 and T4 treatments were significantly higher than those in the T1, T2 and T5 treatments. With the increase of urea dosage, soil urease activity showed a very significant linear growth trend, nitrite reductase and nitrate reductase activities first decreased and then increased, but the difference between treatments was not significant. With the increase of urea dosage, rice panicle length, plant height, yield and head rice rate showed a linear increase trend, while the milled rice rate first increased and then decreased. Pearson correlation analysis showed that urea and nitrate nitrogen had a very significant or significant positive correlation with urease activity, and ammonia nitrogen content had a significant positive correlation with nitrate reductase activity. Multi-factor correlation analysis showed that urea was the main influencing factor in soil enzyme activity. Soil enzyme activities play a major role in the agronomic traits, yield and quality of rice. In summary, the application of PSB on its own or combined with urea could significantly activate the soil enzymes involved in nitrogen transformation, thereby promoting the increase in yield and processing quality of rice.

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Effects of Different Application Ratio of Mushroom Cultivation Residue on the Quality of Rice Seedlings Hengdong ZHANG, Zhengyou AO, Zhiwang HE, Fali ZHANG 2021, 27(5): 111-114.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.024 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (442KB) ( )   The experiment was carried out in April 2021 to clarify the effects of different application ratios（20%, 40%, 60% and 80% by volume） of mushroom cultivation residue on the quality of rice seedlings of hybrid rice combinations Jingliangyou 534 and Yongyou 1540. The results showed that, compared with control（cultivated soil for raising seedlings）, the application of a certain proportion of mushroom cultivation residue in the seedling substrate had no significant effect on the agronomic traits such as root number, stem base width and dry matter accumulation of rice seedlings. With the increase in the proportion of mushroom cultivation residues, the uniformity of the seedlings increases. At the 25-day seedling age of the two tested varieties, the uniformity in the treatments with 60% and 80% mushroom cultivation residues were 9.8%~13.1% and 12.0%~19.4% higher than the control, respectively, showing significant differences. There is no significant difference in uniformity among different treatments at 40-day seedling age. Compared with the control, the chlorophyll contents in the leaves in the treatment with mushroom residue increased, especially in the treatments with 60% and 80% of the mushroom residue at 40-day seedling age, the chlorophyll contents of the leaves of the two combinations were 13.4%~35.9% and 7.6%~17.3% higher than the control, respectively. Therefore, 60%~80% mushroom residue addition to the cultivated soil was beneficial to improve the uniformity of the seedlings and the chlorophyll contents of the leaves, thereby improving the quality of the rice seedlings.

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Effects of Sowing Date on Temperature and Light Resource Utilization, Yield and Quality Formation of Double-Season Late Indica Rice in South China Junhao XU, Jiaxin XIE, Ruoyu XIONG, Lin GUO, Xueming TAN, Yongjun ZENG, Qinghua SHI, Xiaohua PAN, Yanhua ZENG 2021, 27(5): 115-120.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.025 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (730KB) ( )   Adjusting the sowing date can change the environmental and climatic conditions in the growth and development of rice, which is important for making full use of natural resources, regulating the growth process, and improving yield and quality of rice. It is crucial to clarify the optimal sowing date for double-season late indica rice with high quality and yield in southern China, according to temperature and light resources. The three late-season indica rice varieties, Wanxiangyouhuazhan, Xiangyaxiangzhen and Meixiangzhan 2, were selected as test materials to study the effects of sowing dates on the utilization of temperature and light resources, yield and quality of double-cropping late indica rice varieties. The results showed that, with delayed sowing date, the average daily temperature and effective cumulative temperature, the sunshine hours at different growth stages, and the whole-growth period to maturity all showed a decreasing trend, while the whole-growth period did not change significantly. The grain yield maximized in the treatment of sowing on June 20, early sowing （June 10）would cause a significant reduction in yield, while late sowing （June 30） would also cause a reduction in yield, but the difference was not significant. With the delayed sowing date, the processing quality, appearance quality and cooking quality of late indica varieties become better, but it was not conducive to improving the eating quality and had no significant effect on the nutritional quality. In the actual production of double-season late indica rice in the southern China, early sowing is not recommended. It should be sown at the right time or appropriately late time according to the variety, which can contribute to more rational and effective use of temperature and light resources, thereby strike a balance between high yield and quality improvement of rice.

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Discussion on Fertilization Techniques for Reducing Chemical Fertilizer and Increasing Efficiency in Rice in Huaibei Area Yuan WANG, Ke XU, Chen ZHAO, Qin CHEN, Fangfu XU, Hengxin JIANG, Zhongyang HUO 2021, 27(5): 121-125.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.026 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (546KB) ( )   In view of the new situation of reducing the fertilizer application and increasing the efficiency in rice production in Northern Huaihe River Valley, the effects of new fertilizers such as Fenghui urea, Jiduosu and loss-control fertilizer on yield and its components, quality traits, and economic benefits of Lianjing 15 and Nanjing 5718 were studied, to explore the effective fertilization methods for increasing yield and improving quality of rice at reduced chemical fertilizer level. The results showed that two combinations of “loss-control fertilizer + Jiduosu + Fenghui urea” and “loss-control fertilizer + Jiduosu + conventional urea” could reasonably combine increased economic benefits based on chemical fertilizer cut with the increase in rice yield and quality, and enjoy a good prospect for demonstration and promotion.

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Status, Problems and Development Strategies of Rice-Crab Cultivation in Coastal Rice Growing Areas of Liaoning Province Liqiang DONG, Rui ZHANG, Yue ZHANG, Yuedong LI, Liang MA, Fuyu SUN 2021, 27(5): 126-128.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.027 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (463KB) ( )   Based on the research results of rice-crab cultivation in recent years, through surveys and visits to professional households, family farms, cooperatives and enterprises, and access to recent statistical yearbooks, the status, development advantages and existing problems of rice-crab cultivation in the coastal rice planting area of Liaoning Province were analyzed, and the bottleneck restricting the increase in the comprehensive income of rice-crab cultivation was identified. Finally, three suggestions were put forward: unit construction management to optimize resource allocation, the optimized high-light-efficiency rice-crab cultivation mode with row interval, the multi-disciplinary combined method to improve quality and economic benefits, in order to provide theoretical guidance and methodological basis for rice-crab cultivation in the area.

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Effects of Transplanting Density on Yield and Physiological Characteristics of Different Types Japonica Rice under Rice-Duck Integrated Cultivation in Northern China Jingyi MU, Shimeng GUO, Wenju ZHAI, Shu WANG, Baoyan JIA, Yuancai HUANG, Yan WANG, Yun WANG, Chanchan ZHOU 2021, 27(5): 129-133.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.028 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (584KB) ( )   The split-zone design experiment was used to study the effects of transplanting density on the yield and physiological characteristics of Shendao 47（a variety with medium panicle number and medium panicle size） and Shendao 505 a variety with more panicles under rice-duck organic integrated cultivation. The results showed that with the increase of transplanting density, the leaf area index （LAI） and the effective panicles of both varieties significantly increased. The proportion of dry matter accumulation before full heading stage, total dry matter accumulation and yield of Shendao 47 were significantly increased with increasing density, while the number of spikelets per panicle and the seed setting rate were significantly decreased. However, with the increase of transplanting density, the number of spikelets per panicle of Shendao 505 was significantly reduced, and the seed setting rate, population dry matter accumulation and yield first increased and then decreased. Variety and transplanting density have significant interaction effects on multiple traits such as yield. The suitable transplanting densities of Shendao 47 and Shendao 505 for high yield were 30.0 cm×9.9 cm （3.3×105 hills/hm2）and 30.0 cm×16.7 cm （2×105 hills/hm2）, respectively.

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Preliminary Study on Mechanical Transplanting Technique of Small Indica Rice Seedlings in Yunnan Province Ruiping LONG, Shengcan LENG, Lijuan ZHAO, Jiao YIN, Jiu YANG, Guiyon LI, Qiongmei XIA, Haiping ZHU, Yuping ZHANG, Congdang YANG 2021, 27(5): 134-137.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.029 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (367KB) ( )   In order to reduce the labor intensity in seedling raising and transportation of mechanically transplanted rice seedlings, the mechanical transplanting technique of small seedlings of indica rice was explored in the indica rice growing area of Yunnan Province. Jiyou 716 was used as material, two sowing rates of 160 g/tray（T1） and 180 g/tray（T2）, with the seedling age of 9 days, and 6 trays of seedlings per 667 m2 were set, with conventional sowing rate of 70 g/tray, 15-day seedling age and 15 trays seedlings per 667 m2 as control, the differences of seedling quality, transplanting quality, tiller number and yield were studied. The results showed that the seedling quality of T1 and T2 treatments was worse and the empty hill percentage was higher, but the basic seedling number per hill, tiller number and effective spikes were significantly higher than the control. The higher effective panicle number was the main reason for the increase of yield in T1 and T2 treatments. The seed consumption in T1 treatment was reduced by 8.57% and the number of trays was reduced by 60%, but the yield was increased by 9.0% compared with the control. The technique has the obvious effects of cost savings and efficiency increasing, and has great promotion potential.

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Causes of Volunteer Rice in the Propagation of Dual-Purpose Genic Male Sterile Lines and Its Prevention and Control Techniques Hongcan KANG, Guosheng LI, Xingkuan CHUAN, Jinyan WANG, Xingwang ZHOU, Shuo WANG, Zhengqin YIN, Rongman HE 2021, 27(5): 137-139.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.030 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (375KB) ( )   In the parental propagation of dual-purpose genic male sterile lines of rice, the occurrence of volunteer rice poses a greater risk to seed purity. Through the analysis of the causes of volunteer rice and the damage to the parent seeds, combined with the current situation of agricultural production in Baoshan, we proposed the following measures, including innovation crop planting models, doing a good job in variety layout plan, strengthening the management of previous crops, promoting centralized seedling raising technology, irrigating before planting to promote germination, and taking strict measures to remove impurities in the field, etc, to prevent the occurrence and harm of self-grown rice, ensured the seed purity of rice.

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Study on High-Yield and High-Efficiency Cultivation Technique of Early-Late Rice and Broccoli Rotation Production Systems Xuhui WANG, Tongwu SHI, Qiangqiang XU, Pengcheng YU, Jing XIANG 2021, 27(5): 140-142.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2021.05.031 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (324KB) ( )   In the areas with suitable temperature and light resources, it is of significance to study the effects of paddy-upland rotation on annual production efficiency in paddy field. Two rotation systems, “early-late rice + winter fallow” and “early-late rice + broccoli”, were set. The results showed that the“early-late rice+broccoli” rotation system significantly increased yield and N partial factor productivity in early rice and annual income in paddy field. The “early-late rice +broccoli” rotation system in suitable areas was a green and low input and high efficiency cultivation system.