Phosphorus (P) is an indispensable element for plant growth. Although the total P content in soil is rich, the available P content, which can be directly absorbed and utilized by plants, is very low. Traditional methods to increase crop yield in phosphorus deficient is by applying P fertilizer. However, the phosphorus applied to the soil is not only easily to be fixed by soil, but also easily transformed into organic P that is difficult for plants to absorb directly, so as to reduce the P utilization rate by plants and cause environmental pollution. Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria can transform insoluble P in soil into available P that can be directly absorbed by plants, and improve the absorption and utilization rate of P by plants. The action mechanism of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria is complex, and existing various kinds of bacteria and existing many influencing factors. This paper mainly reviewed the research progress of phosphorus solubilizing mechanism of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and summarized the application of phosphorus-solubating bacteria in rice production. It provided a theoretical basis for improving the utilization efficiency of insoluble phosphorus in paddy soil.

High temperature stress is the main environmental factor that threatens grain yield and quality of rice. This paper summarized the effects of high temperature stress on grain-filling and rice quality formation, and reviewed its biological mechanism from the aspects of assimilates accumulation and transport, activities of key enzyme involved carbon and nitrogen metabolism, endogenous hormones and molecular mechanism, and discussed the key technical measures to alleviate the high temperature damage on rice and considerable suggestions for future study. The review may provide insights for guiding cultivation and breeding of thermo-tolerance rice.

Field trial with a randomized group design was conducted and seven N treatments were set up, including no N fertilizer (CK), conventional farmer's fertilizer (FFP), urease inhibitor type N fertilizer with 21.40% N reduction (compared with FFP, the same as the rest) (OPT), one-time mechanical side deep fertilization (MSDF) of resin-coated urea with 35.70% N reduction (CRUM1), one-time MSDF of fertilizer-coated fertilizer with 35.70% N reduction (CRUM2 ), deep placement of fertilizer (DPF) of resin-coated urea with 51.80% N reduction (CRUR1), and one-time DPF of fertilizer-coated fertilizer with 51.80% N reduction (CRUR2). Rice plant height, tillering, dry matter quality, yield, N use efficiency, and ammonia volatilization were measured to study the effects of new nitrogen fertilizer management methods on rice yield, nitrogen use efficiency and ammonia volatilization. The results showed that, plant height and tiller number of CRUM1 and CRUM2 treatments were comparable to those of FFP treatment; compared with the traditional fertilizer methods(CK, FFD and OPT), the dry matter accumulation of CRUM1 and CRUM2 treatments were increased by 11.90%-12.30%. The results of NNI showed that the MSDF with 35.70% reduction could meet the N demand for rice growth. Rice yield could be stabilized(9.76 t/hm² and 9.60 t/hm²) with 35.70%-51.80% nitrogen reduction under side deep application and hole application. Compared with traditional spreading, CRUM1, CRUM2, CRUR1 and CRUR2 had lower NH₄⁺-N content in field water, and ammonia volatilization loss was reduced by 39.15%-93.15%. The nitrogen utilization efficiency significantly increased by 77.45%-95.70%. In conclusion, optimizing N fertilizer management could achieve stable rice yield with reduced N application, while significantly improved N utilization efficiency and reducd ammonia volatilization. MSDF and DPF with new nitrogen fertilizer could reduce N fertilizer input by 35.70%-51.80%.

A pond soil culture experiment was conducted to explore the effects of different soil moisture content treatments (65% WHC, 75% WHC, 85% WHC, 95% WHC, and 100% WHC, where WHC represents the maximum field water capacity) on soil respiration rate and root number of upland rice 277. The results showed that the soil moisture remarkably affected soil respiration rate and root number. The soil respiration rate decreased significantly with the increase of soil moisture content. The soil respiration rate of 100%WHC treatment decreased gradually along with the development of growth stage, all other water treatments showed an upward trend. The root number gradually reduced with the increase of soil moisture, and the difference among the five water treatments reached to significant level in the early tillers, however, the difference among them is gradually decreased along with the passage of growth period. While extremely significant positive linear correlation was presented between soil respiration rate and root number. The daily variation of soil respiration rate showed a gradual increase and remained stable under 65% WHC, 75% WHC, and 85% WHC treatments, reached its maximum value and gradually decreased under 95% WHC treatment, and slightly decreased after reaching its maximum value, and remained at a relatively low level under 100% WHC treatment. The daily variation of soil temperature showed a trend of first increasing and then stabilizing under different soil moisture contents, with the highest temperature under 75% WHC treatment and lower temperature under 95% WHC and 100% WHC treatments. Correlation analysis showed that in all of the water treatments (except 100%WHC water treatment), significant or extremely significant quadratic parabola relationship were presented between soil respiration rate and soil temperature, while extremely significant positive linear correlation was presented between soil respiration rate and root number.

Hybrid rice varieties Luyou 1831 and Yongyou 1540 were used as test materials, and four different treatments of bud promoting fertilizer were set up (N0, no nitrogen application; N1, pure N 75.00 kg/hm²; N2, pure N 84.40 kg/hm²; N3, pure N 93.75 kg/hm²), in order to explore the effects of bud-promoting fertilizer application on the germination and growth of axillary buds at different nodes in the first season of ratooning rice. The survival rate of axillary buds at different node locations, bud length, non-structural carbohydrate content in stem nodes and total nitrogen content of stem nodes in the first season of ratooning rice were measured under different application rates of bud-promoting fertilizers. The results showed that the survival rate of axillary buds and bud length were positively correlated with the application rate of bud-promoting fertilizers. The application of bud-promoting fertilizers significantly increased the survival rate of axillary buds in regenerable rice, the N3 treatment increased the axillary bud survival rate by 27.34%(Yongyou 1540) and 36.51%(Luyou 1831) compared to the N0 treatment. Axillary buds at different nodes responded differently to germination-promoting fertilizers. In the N3 treatment, the survival rates of Luyou 1831 axillary buds at the second, third, and fourth nodes increased by 74.36%, 29.35% and 22.33% compared to the N0 treatment, respectively. The survival rates of Yongyou 1540 axillary buds at the second, third, and fourth nodes increased by 24.25%, 22.33% and 40.49% compared to the N0 treatment, respectively. The survival rate of axillary buds at higher nodes was higher than that at lower nodes under the same application rate of bud-promoting fertilizers. The survival rate of axillary buds was positively correlated with the soluble sugar content in the buds, and negatively correlated with the starch content in the axillary buds at the third and fourth nodes. In conclusion, the survival rate of axillary buds at different nodes is related to the soluble sugar content in the buds, with the highest requirement for bud-promoting fertilizers needed to maintain the survival of axillary buds at the fourth node. When choosing to harvest with low stubble, the application rate of bud-promoting fertilizers can be reduced appropriately.

Seed priming, as a treatment technique before sowing, has been widely reported to promote seed germination and seedling growth. Both gibberellin (GA₃) and potassium nitrite (KNO₂) are involved in the regulation of seed germination. However, the effects of GA₃ priming and KNO₂ priming on germination and emergence of rice seeds and related physiological and metabolic processes and their combined effects are still unclear. In this study, the conventional rice Xiangzaoxian 45 and hybrid rice Zhuliangyou 4024 were used as test varieties. The effects of water priming (HP), gibberellin priming (GA₃), potassium nitrite priming (KNO₂), compound priming (GA₃+KNO₂) and non-priming control (CK) on seed germination, seedling growth, starch degradation metabolism and respiratory metabolism of rice were investigated under growth chamber conditions. The results showed that, compared with CK, priming treatments significantly improved the germination index, vitality index and seedling quality, and the promotion effects of GA₃ priming and KNO₂ priming were basically better than that of HP priming. At the same time, compared with CK and HP priming, GA₃ priming and KNO₂ priming significantly increased α-amylase activity and soluble sugar content during seed germination, and increased respiratory oxygen consumption rate, ATP content and glycolytic rate-limiting enzyme activity to a certain extent. There was a certain synergistic effect between the two priming treatments. However, the effect on anaerobic respiration metabolic enzyme activity was not obvious. The above results indicated that GA₃ priming and KNO₂ priming treatment significantly promoted the growth of rice at the germination stage, and the reason for the improvement may be closely related to the improvement of starch degradation ability and respiratory metabolic activity. However, further studies are needed to reveal the physiological， biochemical and molecular mechanisms of GA₃ priming and KNO₂ priming affecting starch degradation and respiratory metabolism in the future.

A field experiment was conducted in Liuyang City, Hunan Province in 2021 to explore the effects of water management methods, nitrogen application rate, and sowing rate on direct seeding rice growth and development characteristics, yield, and weed occurrence in rice fields, using Zhuoliangyou 1126 as the experimental material. The experimental design was a split-split-plot arrangement, the main plots had different water management methods (W1, flooding; W2, wetting), the subplots had different nitrogen application rate (N0, 0 kg/hm²; N1, 150 kg/hm²; N2, 195 kg/hm²) and sowing rate (D1, 15.0 kg/hm²; D2, 22.5 kg/hm²; D3, 30.0 kg/hm²). The results showed that there was a significant difference in the total number of weeds under different water management treatments, while there was no significant difference in the total number of weeds under different nitrogen application rate treatments and sowing rate treatments. The rice yield of W1 treatment was 8.5 t/hm², significantly higher than that of W2 treatment. The difference in average rice yield between N1 and N2 treatments was not significant, but both were significantly higher than the N0 treatment. The rice yield increased with the increase of sowing rate, but there was no significant difference between different sowing rate treatments. In summary, under the condition of submerged direct seeding of rice, the nitrogen application rate was 150 kg/hm², the sowing rate was 15.0 kg/hm², and weeding once during the 3-leaf and 1-heart stage could achieve rice yield increase while reducing the amount of herbicide used.

The germinated brown rice products obtained with existing production processes have cracks in appearance, long cooking time, a hard and granular texture, and bad taste. In order to solve the problems, we selected germinate, initial moisture of the solid, sterilization temperature and sterilization time as influencing parameters, and sensory evaluations as quality indicators of germinated brown rice of pre-cooking. To obtain the optimal parameters of the process technology, used response surface methodology to study the production method of germinated brown rice of pre-cooking. The results showed that, to achieve the highest sensory comprehensive scores of 73, the optimal processing parameters were: the initial moisture of the solid of 37%, the sterilization temperature of 119 ℃, the sterilization time of 14 min. The production method of germinated brown rice of pre-cooking could reduce cooking time, stimulate the unique fragrant taste of brown rice, and be cooked synchronously with white rice, germinated brown rice of pre-cooking had better taste.

In recent years, due to the aggravating of extreme weather phenomena caused by global climate change, frequent flooding disasters have occurred in the Northeast region, posing a serious threat to rice production. This study reviewed the impact mechanism of flooding stress on the morphological structure, yield and quality of rice, and proposed disaster reduction measures for rice production after flood disasters, including timely drainage and dredging, classified management of damaged plants, and strengthened monitoring of pests and diseases, scientificly and rationaly applying pesticides.

A pond planting simulation experiment was conducted to explore the effects of film mulching direct seeding groove and different volume of mulch on soil temperature, seedling emergence rate and seedling quality, using indica conventional rice Zhongzao 39 as the test material. The results showed that the groove on the film and mulching increased the soil temperature and shorten the emergence time. Adding a certain amount of substrate coverage to the larger coverage improved seedling quality and dry matter accumulation. In the smaller coverage, the addition of the substrate had little effect on seedling quality. Under drill seeding conditions, the treatment of covering 205.9 mL of fine sand per 1 m resulted in uniform, faster of seedling emergence, and seedlings were stronger.

Methyl jasmonate is known to enhance plant stress resistance, however, its specific effects on the accumulation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) in fragrant rice have not been extensively investigated. In this experiment, Xiangyaxiangzhan, a fragrant rice variety, was selected as the test material. Three concentrations of methyl jasmonate (0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 mmol/L) were applied during the seedling stage to examine the impact on the synthesis and accumulation of 2-AP, as well as the levels of aroma precursors, activity of aroma-related enzymes, regulation of aroma-related gene expression, changes in enzyme activities related to stress resistance, and seedling quality. The results showed that compared to the control (CK), spraying appropriate concentrations of methyl jasmonate (0.50-1.00 mmol/L) increased expression of DAO4, OAT, and ProDH in fragrant rice seedlings, accompanied by an elevation in 2-AP content. Furthermore, spraying methyl jasmonate increased the levels of aroma synthesis precursors including 1-pyrroline, methylglyoxal, and P5C. This resulted in an improvement in the quality of fragrant rice seedlings, an increase in the activity of stress-resistant enzymes, and enhanced antioxidant capacity.

Guangdong located near Hong Kong and Macao, is an economically developed region. It is the largest grain sales area in China, and the traditional double cropping rice production area. Trusteeship is a hot topic in grain production in Guangdong counties, it solves the problem of “unmanned rice planting” and connects “small farmers” with “large-scale production” by leading farmers to connect with trusteeship service organizations. There is no shortcut to agricultural production trusteeship, and it is necessary to extract experience and summarize practices from grassroots practices within the province, and use the spirit of craftsmanship to polish products and services. Dongyuan County, as a relatively mature area in the development of agricultural production trusteeship in Guangdong, has a certain representativeness in its mode and practice. Through special research, it can be found that there are still development bottlenecks such as high cost, high risk, high threshold, and breakthrough difficulties. This is also a common problem of agricultural production trusteeship in Guangdong. In order to promote the further development of agricultural production trusteeship, it is suggested to innovate the organization mode, optimize the subsidy threshold optimize financial and insurance services, cultivate service consortia, and strengthen resource allocation.

With the rapid development of economy, rural labor is gradually shifting to urban areas. As a simplified planting method, scale of direct seeding rice expanded in recent years under this background. “Nongjiyun” APP is a big data platform for agricultural science and technology service of Jiangsu Province, which integrates “professional knowledge base of agricultural technology extension, expert consultation, video diagnosis, information collection and release”. This study collected 3 557 items of question and answers from agricultural experts WANG Cailin and LI Ganghua over the past 6 years as survey samples in “Nongjiyun” APP, and sorted out 308 items related to direct seeding rice. The items were further classified into six groups: weed control, direct seeding rice variety selection and characteristic consultation, comprehensive management of irrigation and fertilizer, growth diagnosis and decision-making, step of sowing, paddy field selection. In accordance with the related specific questions, we put forward the countermeasures.

Glutinous rice has low amylose content and high protein and fat, so it has high nutritional value. It is the main raw material for processing sticky snacks such as Zongzi, Babao Congee and wine. This article statistically analysed the approved glutinous rice varieties data in Zhejiang, systematically reviewd the breeding status of glutinous rice varieties in Zhejiang in the past 20 years, and analyzesd the existing problems. The results showed that the proportion of glutinous rice varieties bred in Zhejiang was small, the main type was conventional glutinous rice varieties, specialized varieties was little. The resistance performance of glutinous rice varieties bred in the past 10 years was poor. The number of panicles in Zhejiang glutinous rice varieties has decreased, while the panicle type tended to be larger. There was still room for further improvement and enhancement in the quality and yield of glutinous rice varieties approved in Zhejiang. Finally, suggestions for breeding glutinous rice varieties in Zhejiang were put forward.

Jiangsu is the most important major production area of japonica rice in Southern China. The application of soft, fragrant, semi-glutinous and delicious japonica rice cultivars have promoted the development of high-quality rice industry in Jiangsu Province and surrounding areas. From 1982 to 2023, a total of 752 rice varieties were approved in Jiangsu Province. The basic characteristics of these 752 varieties were analyzed, and the results showed that the yield of approved rice varieties in Jiangsu Province has steadily increased in recent years, mainly due to an increase in the number of grains per panicle. In addition, the taste quality and the appearance quality, especially the head rice rate, have been significantly improved, and the resistance to bacterial blight has been decreased.

The appropriate combination of sowing rate and seedling age is the premise to ensure high yield and high quality of rice. A two-factor split-spot design was adopted, to explore the effects of different seedling ages and sowing rates (T1, 20 day seedling age, 50 g/pot sowing rate; T2, 20 day seedling age, 70 g/pot sowing rate; T3, 30 day seedling age, 50 g/pot sowing rate; T4, 30 day seedling age, 70 g/pot sowing rate) on the seedling quality, yield, and processing quality of machine transplanted indica-japonica hybrid rice Yongyou 6711 seedlings. The results showed that the yield of T2 and T3 treatments was higher, with an increase of 24.7% and 25.2% compared to T1 treatment, and an increase of 17.4% and 17.8% compared to T4 treatment, respectively. Compared with the 20 day seedling age treatments, the 30 day seedling age treatments significantly increased seedling height, stem base width, and aboveground and underground dry matter mass of 100 seedlings; The 70 g/pot sowing rate treatments significantly reduced seedling height, stem base width, and rooting ability compared to the 50 g/pot sowing rate treatments. On the whole, the seedling quality of T3 treatment was the best. In terms of rice processing quality, compared with the 20 day seedling age treatments, the 30 day seedling age treatments significantly reduced the polished rice rate and whole polished rice rate, but had no significant impact on the brown rice rate; Compared with the 50 g/pot sowing rate treatments, the 70 g/pot sowing rate treatments significantly improved the brown rice rate and polished rice rate, but had little effect on the whole polished rice rate. Overall, rice processing quality ofr T2 treatment was the best, while T3 treatment decreased rice processing quality. Therefore, in the medium japonica hybrid rice planting area in northern Jiangsu, the combination of short seedling age and high sowing rate (T2) could achieve high yield and high quality at the same time, while long seedling age and low sowing rate (T3) could achieve high yield, but significantly decreased the rice processing quality.

An experiment was conducted with Zhehexiang 2 as the material to explore the effects of new zinc fertilizer applications on yield, lodging resistance, quality, and nutrient content of rice. The results showed that the S1W2 treatment (on the basis of conventional fertilization by farmers, 2 kg/667 m² of zinc power is added to the base fertilizer, and 400 mL/667 m² of deloxin is sprayed at the tillering stage and heading stage respectively) had the best effect, with a grain yield of 652.3 kg/667 m², an increase of 8.7% compared to the CF treatment (conventional fertilization by farmers), and a significant improvement in plant lodging resistance, rice quality, and nutrient content. Spraying zinc fertilizer could significantly increase the total zinc content in grains.

A comparative study was conducted on “facility melon-rice” water-drought rotation model and the “facility melon-idle” model in the main melon production areas in Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province. The results indicated that the “facility melon-rice” water-drought rotation model is suitable for selecting melon grafting seedlings and rice varieties with a whole growth period of about 140 days. Water-drought rotation could improve soil properties, reduce the mortality rate of grafted melon seedlings in field, improve melon quality and land utilization, solve the conflict between grain and economic crops for land use, and increase the benefits by 639.9 yuan/667 m². It is a sustainable and efficient cultivation model.

Huashengyou 21 Simiao is a new three-line hybrid late indica rice variety developed by Hubei Huazhan Seed Technology Co., Ltd. and Jiangxi Xiannong Seed Industry Co., Ltd., using Huasheng A as the female parent and 21 Simiao as the male parent. This variety has suitable growth period, good plant type, moderate plant height, excellent quality (level 1 standard), high and stable yield, and high seed production yield. It was approved by the Hubei Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee and the National Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2021 and 2022, respectively. The paper introduced the breeding process, characteristics, bey cultivation techniques and seed production techniques of the variety.

The cultural heritage of rice cultivation from the aspects of rice cultivation equipment, rice cultivation folk festivals, rice cultivation diet, rice cultivation literature and art, etc were systematically reviewed and categorized. It was found that there were problems in the application of rice cultivation cultural heritage in rural tourism, such as the need for further strengthening of value mining and activation methods, lack of thinking on cultural authenticity inheritance, and the need for further innovation and expansion of integrated formats, through the analysis of the current application status of rice cultivation culture in projects such as Suoyuan Village and Jinhua Agricultural Culture Park in Jindong District, Jinhua City. This article summarized the three principles that rice cultural heritage should follow in empowering rural tourism: profitability, authenticity, and fun. Finally, we selected a cultural node from rice farming utensils, rice farming folk festivals, and rice farming literature and art, and designed three different amusement facilities to demonstrate the feasibility of revitalizing and empowering the rural amusement industry with rice farming cultural heritage.